Technology Management Strategy

Introduction Any organization has various resources to use in achieving its objectives, technology is one of them and others include financial and human resources. Therefore the organization must consider managing technology to be one of its basic functions, whereby it develops technology strategy just as it does for other functions of marketing, finance and human resources.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Management Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More s a result the organization will be able to determine; the unique technological competences as well as capabilities that it needs to attain and maintain competitive advantage. It will also be able to determine the technologies it can use to put in to operation the core design concepts and the levels of investment to put in technology. Analyzing the evolution the reasons for Corning’s technology strategy from 1850 to the late 1960’ Th rough the period of 1950s to 1960s Coning Inc stuck to its founder’s product concept of majoring in glass making, where it developed its technological competence and capability. By 1874 the company was already acknowledged as a producer in first quality glass, where it was producing signal glass for rail roads. In 1908 introduced a heat-resistant glass known as Nonex, in 1929 ventured in casting of giant mirrors which are used in telescopes. In 1938, embarked on fiber glass that it had left in 1920s, where it incorporated a company to effectively exploit the area. In 1947 opened a separate facility where it made TV bulbs and cathode ray tubes. In 1957, advanced in the technology of high-resistant heat glass where it introduced a line of cookware. The company’s strategy was based on innovation and pioneering in development of new technology. This was achieved through investing in long-term research that sometimes paid off, after many years or decades. A case in point is when it introduced a specialized research lab in 1904 and employed a full-time researcher. This paid off four years later by the introduction of a revolutionary type of glass that is heat resistant. Another success of research was the introduction of the revolutionary â€Å"ribbon machine† in 1926, which improved the company’s processes. On resuming research in fiber glass in 1934, sales increased from $3.7M in 1939 to $56.2M in 1944. Between 1954 and 1961 the company invested millions of dollars in color TV bulb technology and when the sales took off the company was the major supplier making sales of up to 2.7million units by 1965. The company used internal sourcing that helped it to develop sustaining technologies to continue with what it could do best- strategic action. In addition its internal RD department was capable of assimilating external information that it used to advance its quality.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More For example in 1965 the company made major advances in developing the technology of heat-resistant glass whereby it came up with corning ware. This was a line of cookware that was used on stove tops. This also was a major pay-off as the company made sales worth $15million of corning ware in 1959 and $25million in 1960. The company also had a large technological depth strategy whereby it had a range of technological options to its disposal. Therefore the firm’s capacity to predict developments and shifts in technology in time was enhanced. This increased the firm’s flexibility in technology and ability to respond to new consumer demands in the market compared to its competitors. The company’s timely response can be seen in various adjustments it made, such as in1882 sales of rail road globes formed a significant percentage of the company’s sales. By 1908 the sales had fallen significantly however the firm had introduced Nonex and pyrex, which were revolutionary types of glass that were heat –resistant. Both of these were products of specialized research lab that was introduced four years earlier (Burgelman, Christensen, and Wheelwright, 2008) Technology alliance was also a key strategy that the firm used to sustain its technology leadership. In 1938, the company entered in a 50/50 joint venture and collectively incorporated a company called Owens-Corning fiber glass. This was a strategic alliance as Corning Inc. had realized that it was behind in certain areas that were important in the technology development. This resulted in significant increase in sales of the incorporated company from 3.7million dollars in 1939 to 56.2 million dollars in 1944. In addition, in 1938, the join venture through continuous research successfully synthesized silicon resins. The product was used as lubricants and also acted as substitutes of rubber in many functions (Burgelman, Ch ristensen, and Wheelwright, 2008). Corning’s technology strategy during the period of1970 to 2000 By early 1970s the company had started investing in fiber-optics technology, which was a clear shift from its glass making technology. Here the company saw potential though it was still early to realize the benefits and also the company did not have complimentary assets to cater for the large costs that come with innovation. The company nearly shut down this project, however in 1973 it got in to a strategic alliance with Siemens in a joint venture partnership. Through this they were able to make optical fiber cables. The access to complimentary assets from already established Siemens enhanced Corning’s capacity to exploit the opportunities, whereby it built a pilot plant that was full-scale and also invested more than $100million by late 1981 in optical waveguides.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Technology Management Strategy specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Another shift in 1970 was venturing in to automobile industry of which after four years of research $100M worth of sales were made. In addition Corning also invested heavily in medical products which saw sales move from $3million in 1970 to $30 million after four years. It also made major acquisition of $125 M of Medpath to enhance its medical line. As a result of shift from the glass industry the company needed to develop core competencies in these new industries, hence in 1983 the company dropped operations of automobile industry and focused its resources in the remaining two. This can be explained through the concept of dominant technology trajectories whereby it states that industries go through cycles (Kristinsson Rao, n.d). There is emergence stage whereby an innovation is discovered, then development stage whereby various designs of the same innovation are realized by different firms. Lastly these various designs com pete in the market and through process and product designs, as a result some firms drop out of the industry. One or a few firms become dominant suppliers and the remaining resort to niche markets. This is seen by the way Corning drops out from automobile industry in 1983 and out of medical industry in 1996. At the emergence stage there were different firms that were venturing into the telecommunications industry (optical waveguides), including some of the 150 firms in the industry. Each firm is trying to come up with new commercial processes and products through research in this technological trajectory (Kristinsson Rao, n.d). In 1996 Corning Inc. set clear goals to pursue telecommunications innovations and as a result it aggressively invested in photonics and optical fibers. Different technological trajectories emerged with Corning Inc.‘s being one of them. As the industry heads to maturity the main players are now clearly identifiable, as they have distinctive and quality p roducts. In line with this Corning came up with a range of sophisticated products, that put it amongst the main players. Then there is the dominance stage, whereby the technology trajectory of one of the firms achieves dominance. Corning Inc. became dominant by the end of 2000, whereby it made sales of $5biilion out of the total market worth of $7billion. In addition the company made acquisitions of other rival companies which were significant to deepening its expertise in the innovations (Kristinsson Rao, n.d). Challenges faced by Joe Miller, Corning’s Chief Technological Officer, faces in 2003? One of the challenges is competence trap or core rigidity, whereby a firm can be so focused and competent in a given area such that in case of drastic changes in the industry then the firm might fall. Here Corning Inc was so much competent in telecommunications industry such that when the industry nose-dived, the company ran out of options.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Another challenge can be explained through the S-curve concept, whereby the curve has four phases, which are initial stage, growth, and decline. The industry had reached decline stage, therefore the chief Technological Officer had to decide whether the firm should exit the industry or it should re-invent itself. Other challenges were, determining if the decline was temporary, determining other potential industries that the firm could venture in to incase the current one failed (Forster, n.d) References Burgelman, R. A., Christensen, C. M. and Wheelwright, S. C. (2008). Strategic Management of Technology and Innovation. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Irwin. Forster, R. D. Description of the S curve (n.d.) Retrieved from https://www.12manage.com/description_s_curve.html Kristinsson Rao The Emergence of Dominant Technology Trajectories in the US Medical; Device Industry (n.d.) Web. Management of Technology–Design and Implementation of Technology Strategy. n.d. Web. This essay on Technology Management Strategy was written and submitted by user Empath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Neuro Lab Report Essay Example

Neuro Lab Report Essay Example Neuro Lab Report Paper Neuro Lab Report Paper We no longer observed an increase in peak of action potential trace at the 3. 5 Voltage. Activity 2-4: 1. What did you observe when the glass rod contacted the nerve? The glass rod contacted the nerve there was an instant deflection of the line. There was action potential on the oscilloscope. When 1. How does this tracing compare with the other tracings you have generated? The tracing was the exact same outcome as the other tracings except there was no added voltage only the addition of the glass rod. 3. What did you observe when the heated glass rod contacted the nerve? There was an instant deflection of the line similar to the line caused by the heated glass rod. Non- 4. How does this trace compare to the trace that we generated with the unheated glass rod? The tracing of the heated glass rod on the nerve was slightly a bit higher at tracing of its maximum peak and slightly lower at the lowest peak than the of the non heated glass rod. Acid 5. What did you observe when you added sodium chloride and hydrochloric solutions to the nerve? Once sodium chloride and hydrochloric acid solutions were added to the nerve there was a deflection of the line and caused action potential. Summarize your experimental results: What kinds of stimuli can elicit an action potential? Any stimuli that can reach above the 3 Voltage can elicit an action potential . Activity 5: 1. What are the effects of ether on the nerve? The effects of the ether on the nerve is that it causes the nerve to have no action potential. 1. How long did it take for the nerve to return to normal ? It took the nerve 6 minutes to return back to normal. Activity 6: 1. What effect did adding curare have on the action potential? Effect of adding curare was that it created action potential to the nerve. 1. Explain this effect. The It The effect of curare is paralyzing the action potential of the nerve. Interferes with the neuromuscular junction, it interferes with the Acetic Cooling and it depilatories it. 1. What do you think would be the overall effect of curare on the organism The overall effect of the curare on the organism is that it prevents the flow neuron impulses from neuron to neuron. Activity 7: 1. Does adding loading to the nerve generate an action potential? Adding loading does not generate action potential. 1. Explain why loading has this effect on nerve fiber transmission.

The Drug abuse Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The Drug abuse - Assignment Example Absorption is the passageway of alcohol into the blood. Distribution is the temporary placement of alcohol into various body tissues. Conversely, metabolism is the process whereby enzyme systems in the body change drugs into safer molecules which can then be excreted by a variety of routes of removal. Part 5 In the first face, mind alteration chemicals often perceive as either an attempt to increase one’s awareness and consciousness. Adolescence is the critical phase of the brain development that alters the brain functioning. The other phase is phase II reaction whereby the brain is altered by increased or extended abuse of the substance. Part 6 Based on the agent, the causes of addictions are very dangerous because they cause harm to the body organs. Generally, addiction can influence environment especially to individuals who are in colleges. The effects of drug abuse are negative because they cause harm appropriate body organs such as the brain. Part 7 The experiment was an attempt to assist students to experiment and understand the interaction of biological, psychological and social processes of drug addiction. The eyes cubes show how individuals are addicted to drugs. The experiment ran for 48 consecutive hours. Preoccupation with the abused substance can seep into every waking hour. You may not be experiencing the intense withdrawal symptoms that keep getting their drug on the minds of addicts, but with the log, we are trying to make you think about your drug every waking hour of the day.

Credo essay Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Credo essay - Coursework Example Although we might not always be able be in a position to see the foundations of grand skyscrapers, we know that there has to be one because without it, the tall skyscraper would collapse when faced with the smallest gust of wind. For me, my family is essentially this foundation, it is my biggest supporter when I need to be encouraged and assured, and it is where I run to when things do not work out and I feel insecure. Family is of great importance and has an influence on the individuals we turn out to be, we cannot hide our true feelings from our families as they can always see right through us. My family has been instrumental in teaching me how to relate and interact with others. From my family, I have managed to gain a number of strong role models, ranging from my father who is always strong in the face of any calamity and never runs away from bravely confronting any challenges in life, to my grandmother whose special brand of affection is truly one of life’s greatest treas ures, my small sister whose openness and vivacity is quite infectious to my mother endless love that we constantly draw upon. There is nothing as good as the joy that is shared all round when a family sits down to enjoy each other’s company and laugh together. At times families do tend to experience difficulties that cause them to close ranks and cry, but this is ultimately overshadowed by the certain morning that is sure to eventually breakout as the family overcomes the challenges in their paths and are able to once again able to enjoy the joy of sunshine after a dark moment and laugh together. My family comforts and helps me to deal with life’s challenges; whether it is something as relatively small as not finding a favorite pair of shoes to wear when I want to go out, or something as monumental as the cold touch of death. I go through life with the quite assurance that in the face of calamities and challenging situations, I can always look up to my family for support and

Organizational behaviour of Oman Air Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Organizational behaviour of Oman Air - Essay Example This paper presents Oman Air Company. The SWOT analysis of the firm has been performed to find the internal and the external environmental situation of the company. The international carrier of the Sultanate of Oman is Oman Air and the company is based in Muscat. 33.8% stake of the company is held by the government and the key operation of the company is in providing international and domestic passenger services. It also offers charter work and local air taxi. Oman Air was founded during 1993 and it has a strong business presence in the Sultanate of Oman. Airlines industry is highly susceptible to political changes as the political environment plays a major role in determining the travelling frequency of travelers especially international. Unstable political environment markedly reduced the international traffic inflow. Since Oman Air is the national carrier for the Sultanate of Oman the business is largely monopolistic in nature. According to the official report of Oman Air during t he year 2008 the company faced net loss of 42.775 million RO due to economic downturn. Though in Oman the economic downturn did not have a huge impact and the passenger traffic rose by 19% the company faced losses due to economic slowdown in the international market. The internal environment of a company can be assessed using McKinsey’s 7-S framework. The seven variables of the McKinsey framework offer the needed structure to analyze the operations of an organization and the interdependency of the variables is useful while analyzing complex organizations (Waterman et al, 1980). Strategy – Oman Air is the leading carried in Oman and their strategy is to maintain a positive work culture and thus promote customer friendly operations. Providing a reliable, safe and seamless flying experience which is further enhanced by friendly and warm customer services. Support in bound local tourism and become the first choice airline. Structure – The organizational structure of Oman Air is large and handling such a large structure is difficult. In order to become more efficient in its operations the communications from the corporate to the employees has to be made clearer by making changes in their organizational structure. Systems – The cargo operations management system is completely automated thus enabling automated end to end cargo operations, processing efficiency, accurate tracking, flight capacity that is optimized and e-freight capabilities (press release, 2011). Skills – The prominent skill of the employees at Oman Air rests in offering customer friendly services. Managers are responsible for monitoring and assessing the skill of each crew member. This gives the needed framework to enable inclusion of its corporate strategy into the employees work practices. Staff – Recruitment and selection of new staff is based on their field experience and educational qualification. To maintain high levels of performance the staff are trai ned on a continuous basis. Style – The staff are lead in an effective manner by the managers. The managers are kept updated by higher level of the board of directors. Shared values – The main value of Oman Air lies in its staff members. A value of importance is instilled in all staff members. The well being of the company directs all individuals and the culture of the company is imbibed in its work

Characterizing Novel Methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex

Characterizing Novel Methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex Synthesis and Characterization of Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene via Boron-ate Complex Habib Hussain[*], Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali, Imdad Hussain, Hajira Rehman   Abstract: Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene was synthesized through boron-ate complex. 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl diisopropylcarbamate was reacted with allylboronic acid pinacol ester in the presence of N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA) to give secondary boronic ester which was further reacted with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene by using Grubbs Hoveyda II. Resulting product (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was then treated with 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene in the presence of n-BuLi to get nucleophilic boron-ate complex. (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene was obtained in excellent yields by stirring boron-ate complex at 50oC for 1h and refluxing for 15h. Keywords: Lithiation Borylation, Secondary Boronic Ester, Olefin Cross Metathesis, 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene , Boron-ate Complex 1. Introduction Olefin metathesis chemistry1 has led a number of opportunities in organic synthesis. Olefin metathesis2involves the redistribution of fragments ofalkenes by regeneration of carbon-carbondouble bonds. There are numerous applications of olefin metathesis and it is an important methodology to produce reagents. Addition of aryl lithium reagents to secondary boronic esters results to a new class of chiral organometallic-type reagents which have broad utility in asymmetric organic synthesis. R. Larouche-Gauthier3 formed intermediate boron-ate complex by adding an aryllithium reagent to a secondary boronic ester. It behaved as a chiral nucleophile and maximum enantioselectivity was found by using electron withdrawing groups on aryllithium. Habib Hussain4 studied the effect of steric bulk of aryllithium on stereoselectivity of boron-ate complexes. Hoffmann5 obtained chiral Grignard reagents from sulfoxides Mg exchange reaction of halosulfoxides. Herbert C. Brown6 investigated iodination of the ate- complexes from various B-alkoxyborinane derivatives and 1-alkynyllithium. E. Vedejs7 synthesized ate- complexes which contained stereogenic boron by reacting trivalent boranes with nucleophiles. They noticed that stability of ate-complex depend upon the electronegativity of substituents attached to b oron. Ryschkewitsch, G. E8 resolved chiral boron-ate complexes by classical methods. Anna Bernardi 9 determined the role of ate-complxes im aldol stereoselectivity. In the recent paper, we reported the synthesis of Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene (7). It was characterized by IR, 1H, 13C and ms. Lithiation-Borylation was used to synthesize the secondary boronic ester and by using olefin cross metathesis, it gave (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane when reacted with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene. (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane was converted into ate-complex when on heating produced the desired product. 2. Experimental Section 2.1. Materials: n-butyllithium (nBuLi), sec. butyllithium solution (sBuLi) (1.6M), pinacol, N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA), (vinylsulfonyl)benzene, Grubbs Hoveyda II and 1-bromo-3,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzene were purchased from Sigma Aldrich. All reagents were used as such as received. To avoid from moisture diethyl ether (Et2O) and tetrahydrofuran (THF) were dried with 4 A ° molecular sieves. The experiments were performed using schlenk line under nitrogen atmosphere in the absence of air and moisture. 2.2. Synthesis and Characterization of 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3): To a solution of 3-(4-methoxyphenyl)propyl diisopropylcarbamate (1.0g, 3.41mmol, 1.0eq) (1) and N,N,N,N-tetramethylethyllenediamine (TMEDA) (0.61mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) (2a) in Et2O (17mL) at -78oC, Sec. BuLi (1.6M in 92:8 cyclohexane/hexane, 2.9mL, 3.75mmol, 1.1eq) was dropwise added and stirred for 5h at -78oC. Then allylboronic acid pinacol ester (0.77mL, 4.09mmol, 1.2eq) (2) was dropwise added to the reaction mixture and further stirred at -78oC for 1h and allowed to warm to room temperature. At this stage, a solution of MgBr2.OEt2 in Et2O, made as follows, was added to the reaction mixture. [At room temperature, 1,2-dibromoethane (0.60mL, 6.88mmol, 1.0eq) was added into a suspension of magnesium (0.17g, 6.88mmol, 1.0eq) in Et2O (8.6mL). The reaction flask was further stirred for 2h after placing into a water bath in order to control the moderate exotherm]. Biphasic mixture having two layers thus obtained was added to the former reaction mixture via syringe and then refluxed for 16h . After cooling the reaction mixture to room temperature it was quenched with water. Et2O was added, the layers were separated and the aqueous phase was extracted with Et2O. The combined organic layers were washed with 1N HCl, 1N NaOH, water and brine, dried (MgSO4), concentrated and purified by column chromatography (SiO2) and pure (R)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) (0.84g, 77.60%) was obtained as colorless oil. The reaction is given in Figure 1. 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 7.09 (2H, d, J=8.80 Hz, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.81 (2H, d, J=8.80 Hz, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 5.86 – 5.75 (1H, m, CH=CH2) 5.04 (1H, d, J=2.20 Hz, CH=CHH) 4.94 (1H, d, J=10.27 Hz, CH=CHH) 3.78 (3H, s, OCH3) 2.63 2.48 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 2.27 2.11 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 1.78 1.58 (2H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 1.25 (12H, s, 4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ CH3) 1.08 1.18 (1H, m, ArCH2CH2CHBCH2) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 157.6 (1C, -OCH3), 138.4 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH), 135.0 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH), 129.2 (1C, ArC-O), 114.9 (1C, -CH2CH=CH2), 113.6 (1C, -CHb=CH2), 83.0 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ C(CH3)2), 55.2 (1C, ArCCH2), 35.3 (1C, CH2CH2CHB), 34.5 (1C, -CH2CHB), 33.1 (1C, -CHBCH2CH), 24.9 (1C, -CH2CH2CHB), 24.8 (4C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ (CH3)2C). 11B NMR (96.23 MHz, None) ÃŽ ´ ppm 33.24 IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cm–1) 3026 (sp2C-H Stretch), 2977, 2924, 2852 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1511, 1456(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1243, 1175, 1142 (sp3C-O Stretch), 846, 822, 670 (sp2 C-H oop bending). 2.3. Synthesis and Characterization of (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5): Grubbs-Hoveyda II (4a) (3.9mg, 0.0063mmol, 0.05eq) was added to a solution of 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) (40mg, 0.126 mmol, 1.0eq) and (vinylsulfonyl)benzene (4) (0.0635g, 0.378mmol, 3.0eq) in CH2Cl2 (2mL). After fitting a condenser to the flask, reaction mixture was refluxed for 15h under nitrogen. The reaction mixture was then reduced in volume to 0.5mL and purified directly on a silica gel column eluting with 9:1 Pet. Ether/ EtOAc to provide the desired product (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) as dark brown solid (0.0438g, 77.25%)10. m.p. 82.0oC 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 7.88-7.84 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 7.62-7.56 (1H, m, , 1 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 7.54-7.48 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 7.05-6.99 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.96 (1H, t, J=6.97 Hz, CH2-CH=CH) 6.84-6.77 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.31 (1H, dt, J=15.16, 1.47 Hz, CH2-CH=CH) 3.78 (3H, s, -CH3) 2.59-2.45 (2H, m, CH2-CH2-CHB) 2.43-2.26 (2H, m, CH2-CHB-CH2) 1.77-1.66 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CHH) 1.63-1.53 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CHH) 1.27-1.21 (1H, m, CH2-CHB-CH2) 1.18 (12 H, s, 4 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ CH3) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 157.7 (1C, ArC-O) 146.9 (1C, ArC-S) 140.8 (1C, CH=CH-S) 134.2 (1C, CH=CH-S) 133.1 (1C, ArC-CH2) 130.6 (1C, ArCH) 129.2 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 129.1 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 127.5 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 113.7 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 83.4 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ C(CH3)2) 55.2 (1C, OCH3) 34.1 (1C, CH2CHBCH2) 33.1 (1C, CH2CH2CHB) 32.8 (4C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ (CH3)2C) 24.8 (1C, -CHBCH2CH) 24.7 (1C, CH2CH2CHB) 11B NMR (96.23 MHz, None) ÃŽ ´ ppm 33.24 IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cm–1) 2977, 2924 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1511, 1446(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1244, 1176, 1141 (sp3C-O Stretch), 822, 730, 687 (sp2 C-H oop bending). 2.4. Synthesis and Characterization of (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene (7): To a solution of 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br (24.6mg, 0.084mmol, 1.2eq) in THF (1.9mL) at -78oC was added n-BuLi (1.6M in hexanes, 0.053mL, 0.084mmol, 1.2eq) dropwise. The mixture was stirred for 1 hr at -78oC before a solution of boronic ester (32mg, 0.070mmol, 1.0eq) in THF (1.5mL) was added dropwise. The reaction mixture was stirred for 30min at -78oC and 30min at room temperature to form boron-ate complex which was further heated at 50oC for 1 hr and refluxed for 15hr. Reaction was quenched with water, EtOAc was added and layers were separated. The aqueous phase was extracted with EtOAc. Then layers were combined, washed with brine, dried (MgSO4), concentrated. The crude mixture was finally purified by column chromatography (SiO2, 2:1 Pet.Ether/EtOAc) to get desired product as colorless oil (19.87mg, 62.10%). 1H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 7.14-7.07 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.85 6.80 (2H, m, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArH) 6.30 (1H, dt, J=17.00, 10.21 Hz, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 6.12-5.97 (1H, m, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 5.78-5.69 (1H, m, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 5.21-5.06 (1H, m, CH=CHH) 4.99-4.95 (1H, m, CH=CHH) 3.79 (3H, s, -CH3) 2.70-2.60 (2H, m, CH2CH2CH) 2.52-2.33 (2H, m, CH2CH2CH) 13C NMR (100 MHz, CDCl3) ÃŽ ´ ppm 157.7 (1C, ArC-O) 137.0 (1C, CH=CH2) 133.7 (1C, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 132.0 (1C, ArC-CH2) 129.5 (1C, CH=CH-CH=CH2) 129.1 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 114.9 (1C, CH=CH2) 113.6 (2C, 2 à ¯Ã¢â‚¬Å¡Ã‚ ´ ArCH) 55.1 (1C, CH3) 34.6 (1C, CH2CH2CH) 34.5 (1C, CH2CH2CH) IR (film): ÃŽ ½ (cm–1) 2955, 2921, 2852 (sp3 C-H Stretch), 1737, 1461(sp2 C=C Stretch), 1277, 1184, 1137 (sp3C-O Stretch), 967, 805 (sp2 C-H oop bending). HRMS (ESI) calcd. for C13H17O [M+H]+ 189.1279, found 189.1287. 2.5. Equipments 1H and 13C spectral measurements were done by using Varian NMR (400 MHz) spectrometer (model DMX 400). For protons, the chemical shifts were measured relative to tetramethylsilane (TMS) at d = 0 ppm. 3. Results and Discussion Starting material 2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (3) has been synthesized as colorless oil in excellent yields (77.6%) (table 1, entry 1) by using Lithiation-Borylation methodology; Carbamate (1) was reacted with pinacol (2) by using TMEDA (2a) at suitable conditions (fig.1). Spectral studies proved the structure as mentioned in literature11. By using application of olefin cross metathesis, boronic ester (3) was then reacted with (vinylsulfonyl)benzene (4) to give (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) as dark brown solid. Yield was again excellent (table 1, entry 2) for this reaction. Table 1: Physical states and yields Entry Substances Physical States Melting points Yield (%) 1 Colorless oil 77.60 2 Dark brown solid 82.0oC 77.25 3 Colorless oil 62.10 Boron-ate complex (6) which acted as nucleophile was synthesized by reacting (E)-2-(1-(4-methoxyphenyl)-6-(phenylsulfonyl)hex-5-en-3-yl)-4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-1,3,2-dioxaborolane (5) with aryllithium (5a). Boron-ate complex (6) showed best nucleophilic character by using 3,5-(CF3)2C6H3Br (5a) as aryllithium11 and it was then stirred at 50oC for 1hr and then refluxed for 15hrs and desired product (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene (7) was collected. 4. Conclusions: Novel (E)-1-(hexa-3,5-dien-1-yl)-4-methoxybenzene has been synthesized through a novel route and characterized by spectral techniques like IR, 1H, 13C and ms. Boron-ate complex was successfully converted into aromatic dienes. This novel synthetic route resulted in excellent yields. Acknowledgment: Authors gratefully acknowledge financial support to the work by Higher Education Commission of Pakistan and moreover authors acknowledge the Department of Chemistry, University of Engineering and Technology, Lahore-Pakistan and Superior University Lahore-Pakistan for guidance, research and laboratory facilities. References: Grubbs, R. H.; Chang, S. Tetrahedron 1998, 54, 4413–4450 Astruc D. New J. Chem., 2005, 29, 42-56. R. Larouche-Gauthier, T.G. Elford and V.K. Aggarwal, J. Am. Chem.Soc., 2011,133, 16794. Habib Hussain, Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali and Imdad Hussain, Asian Journal of Chemistry; 2013, 25, 17, 9965-9969 Hoffmann, R. W. Chem. Soc. Rev. 2003, 32, 225. Herbert C. Brown, D. Basavaiah, and N. G. Bhat, D. Basavaiah, and N. G. Bhat, J. Org. Chem. 1986, 51, 4518-4521 E. Vedejs, S. C. Fields, S. Lin, and M. R. Schrimpf, J. Org. Chem. 1995, 60, 3028-3034. Ryschkewitsch, G. E.; Garrett, J. M. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1968, 90, 7234. Anna Bernardi, Angiolina Comotti, Cesare Gennari, Cheryl T. Hewkin, Jonathan M. Goodman, Achim Schlapbach and Ian Paterson, Tetrahedron 50, 4, 1227-1242, 1994. Bruce H. Lipshutz, Subir Ghorai, Zarko V. Boskovic, Tetrahedron, 64, 29, 2008, 6949-6954. Habib Hussain, Syeda Rubina Gilani, Zulfiqar Ali and Imdad Hussain, Asian Journal of Chemistry, In Press. [*]Corresponding Author: Habib Hussain

Acid Rain Essays -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Normal rainfall is slightly acidic because carbon dioxide in the atmosphere dissolves in the raindrops to produce hydrogen ions. Yet, normal rainfall is not considered acid rain. Acid rain is a form of air pollution in which airborne acids produced by electric utility plants and other sources fall to Earth in distant regions. The corrosive nature of acid rain causes widespread damage to the environment. The problem begins with the production of sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides from the burning of fossil fuels, such as coal, natural gas, and oil, and from certain kinds of manufacturing. Sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides react with water and other chemicals in the air to form sulfuric acid, nitric acid, and other pollutants. These acid pollutants reach high into the atmosphere, travel with the wind for hundreds of miles, and eventually return to the ground by way of rain, snow, or fog, and as invisible â€Å"dry† forms. Damage from acid rain has been wide spread in eastern North America and throughout Europe, and in Japan, China, and Southeast Asia. Acid rain leaches nutrients from soils, slows the growth of trees, and makes lakes uninhabitable for fish and other wildlife. In cities, acid pollutants corrode almost everything they touch, accelerating natural wear and tear on structures such as buildings and statues. Acids combine with other chemicals to form urban smog, which attacks the lungs, causing illness and premature deaths. The process that leads to acid rain begins with the burning of fossil fuels. Burning, or combustion, is a chemical reaction in which oxygen from the air combines with carbon, nitrogen, sulfur, and other elements in the substance being burned. The new compounds formed are gases called oxides. When sulfur and nitrogen are present in the fuel, their reaction that occurs with oxygen yields sulfur dioxide and various nitrogen oxide compounds. In the United States, 70 percent of sulfur dioxide pollution comes from power plants, especially those that burn coal. In Canada, industrial activities, including oil refining and metal smelting, account for 61 percent of sulfur dioxide pollution. Nitrogen oxides enter the atmosphere from many sources, with motor vehicles emitting the largest share—43 percent in the United States and 60 percent in Canada. Once in the atmosphere, sulfur dioxide and nitrogen oxides undergo c... ...ts. The targets established in laws and treaties are being met, usually ahead of schedule. Sulfur emissions in Europe decreased by 40 percent from 1980 to 1994. In Norway sulfur dioxide emissions fell by 75 percent during the same period. Since 1980 annual sulfur dioxide emissions in the United States have dropped from 26 million tons to 18.3 million tons. Canada reports sulfur dioxide emissions have been reduced to 2.6 million tons, 18 percent below the proposed limit of 3.2 million tons. Monitoring stations in several nations report that precipitation is actually becoming less acidic. In Europe, lakes and streams are now growing less acid. However, this does not seem to be the case in the United States and Canada. The reasons are not completely understood, but apparently, controls reducing nitrogen oxide emissions only began recently and their effects have yet to make a mark. In addition, soils in some areas have absorbed so much acid that they contain no more neutralizing alka line chemicals. The weathering of rock will gradually replace the missing alkaline chemicals, but scientists fear that improvement will be very slow unless pollution controls are made even stricter.